Hey Mitch,
Read the provincial sportfishing regulations here:
http://www.albertaregulations.ca/fishingregs/
You will learn a lot from it. You can spin fish anywhere in Alberta, but you can only use barbless hooks.
This site has info on just about every species and every piece of water in the province, use the search function and read the old threads and you will be an expert in no time.
In Alberta "Lake Trout" are a charr called
Salvelinus namaycush. It is a different species from the Brown Trout. We have lots of Brown Trout here in rivers and lakes. If you are in Calgary you can catch one, no problem.
There are many species of trout in Alberta:
Rainbow Trout
Cut-throat Trout
Lake Trout
Bull Trout
Speckled (Brook) Trout
Brown Trout
and in some Alpine lakes, Golden Trout
There are also some hybrid fish which are crossbreeds between some of the above.
We also have 3 other salmonids:
Grayling
Lake Whitefish
Rocky Mountain Whitefish
The Rocky Mountain Hat-trick is a bull trout, cut-throat trout, and Rocky
Mountain Whitefish.
Probably one of the most unique fishing experiences we have here is the Lake Sturgeon which is found in some bigger rivers. Lethbridge is a good location to be to do some sturgeon fishing.
ciao