A thermocouple is a small probe that has a bimetallic element enclosed in its tip, it generates a millivoltage of electricity when heated (such as by a pilot flame). This electrical current is usually utilized to power a small electromagnet that's either holding open a gas valve or an electrical relay; both units would have a spring trying to shut them that is overcome by the electromagnetic solenoid (this is why you have to press a button when lighting them, you are manually setting that plunger to be held open by the electromagnet). When the flame is extinguished, too small, incorrectly impinging on the thermocouple or if the thermocouple isn't generating enough power the valve or switch will close, providing a reliable measure of safety shut-off in the system.
Thermopile's are basically the same thing, but generate more power than a thermocouple. Any of you with a natural gas fireplace can look in and see the pilot flame impinging on a thermopile which powers the entire fireplace gas control.
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"The trouble with people idiot-proofing things, is the resulting evolution of the idiot." Me
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