Ok, world of options then, I'll stick to a few. Get a copy of the Barry Mitchell's fishing guide, available at the fishin hole or canadian tire, etc. In there there is a list of AB lakes with species and directions. Correspond that with your regs books for regulations.
If you want a fun time getting your feet wet, a good place to start for Walleye is Pine Coulee reservoir (PCR). There is a boat launch and easy fishing. Catch and release walleye but chance for pike as well. Basically you just need a jig head (1/8 oz - 1/2 oz) and fish anywhere on the drop off by the boat launch (so you dont have to go far) in about 12-20 FOW. Tip your jig head with a half minnow or smelt. Smelt is cheaper and can be purchased in bulk from superstore or T&T supermarket. Bounce that jig and minnow on the bottom in a jigging fashion and you should be able to pull them in one after another all day.
MAP
Camping is available right at the boat launch or just a little futher down that road at willow creek provincial park.
Else, Little Bow provincial park has a nice campground. A boat launch and nice dock. Fishing is ok in the creek channel right there as well for pike and the odd walleye. Lots of walleye in the lake, not the best time of year for them in this area though. But you at least can keep them over 50 cm if you wish. Spoons or rapalas or buzz baits for the pike usually.
MAP
For trout, you could try Chain Lakes west of Nanton. They stock it with 500000 rainbows so its easy fishing. Or Severn reservoir, also stocked. They have boat launches.
For fly fishing, fish the bow! Best river in the world they say, although I'm a walleye guy. Hope that helps, feel free to ask any questions.