Winter kill occurs in lakes and ponds that are frozen over and where the exchange of gases between the water below the ice and the air above is not sufficient to maintain oxygen levels that support fish. During the winter, oxygen normally enters the water of a frozen lake through inlet water streams, cracks in the ice and slow diffusion through the ice. A thick snow cover on a lake can reduce the amount of oxygen passing through the ice.
In shallow lakes where the water volume is not sufficient, winter kill will occur. Depending on the length of the winter, the amount of snow cover, the amount of fresh water entering the lake and the number of fish and other life in the lake, winter kill may only occur every few years. It may only occur in certain shallow areas of the lake where fish are unable to escape to deeper and more oxygen-rich water. If lakes are deep enough, they may contain a sufficient volume of water to maintain oxygen above lethal levels.
Winter kills are normal occurrences in some Alberta lakes. Winter kill especially occurs in many of our regularly trout-stocked water bodies.
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